Karl Marx and Frederick Engel Essay - 947 Words

I believe that Karl Marx and Frederick Engel and W.E.B Du Bois are both right. They both had one specific goal in mind; social equality. Karl Marx and Frederick Engel wanted to close the gap between the ruling class and the working class. The working class were being overworked and underpaid while working in factories. Marx and Engels wanted equality in the society by advocating for a communist society, where all people have equal access to resources. W.E.B Du Bois wanted African Americans to have the same equal rights as the white men. African Americans were neglected in the American society and were not allowed the same rights as the white men. Karl Marx and Fredrick Engel are considered as the most influential figure in the history for†¦show more content†¦Without economic equality in the society, freedom and political equality could not be achieved. The manifesto was to advocate for the redistribution of resources as the most effective way of promoting democracy far beyond the earlier democracy which is practiced in a capitalist society. Through the establishment of communist society, resources and social amenities such as education, health and housing could be provided on an equal basis . During the period of industrial revolution disparity level and social life was becoming hard for the working class. Thus, communist was considered as the solution to the social conflict that was prevalent in the society and the antagonist resolution between men and nature, necessity and freedom. They were right to advocate for the communist society to promote the welfare of the working population in the society. It was the best remedy of preventing the exploitation of the working class and ensuring that democracy prevail for all people regardless of their position and status in the society. 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Effects of Increasing Minimum Wage - 794 Words

The idea of having a federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers and allow workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is whether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address, and after this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only on the pro side and the con side of increasing the minimum wage, but also alternatives to increasing it. There are many pros to increasing the minimum wage, most of which are simple enough to understand and make someone think that there is no reason not to increase the minimum wage. The first and most important benefit of increasing the minimum wage is that workers are able to work to earn a living wage, a wage that is high enough that workers are able to maintain a normal standard of living. Next in line is that a higher minimum wage will increase workers incentive to work, and also increase the incentive of the population not in the labor force to join the labor force and seek jobs. Going off that point, increasing the minimum wage will reduce the need for social programs, such as unemployment, welfare, SNAP, etc., because there will be fewer people living at or below the poverty line and that qualify for these programs. Moving along the list of advantages, increasing the minimum wage will also increase the amount of money workersShow MoreRelatedEffects of Increasing Minimum Wage Essa y988 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of having a federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers from discrimination and allow all workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is whether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10 per hour. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address on January 28, and following this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only onRead MoreThe Effects Of Increasing Minimum Wage On The United States1853 Words   |  8 Pages The Effects of Increasing Minimum Wage Caroline Mattox Central Virginia Community College Introduction In 1938, the first national minimum wage laws in the United States were passed as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which served as â€Å"a floor below wages,† to reduce poverty and to ensure that economic growth is shared across the workforce. Today, many people who work for companies that pay at or near the minimum wage and remain near or below the poverty level rely on governmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. 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The Taiwanese complained that the working hours are too long, and the wages are too low. Because of that reason, workers in Taiwan have come forward to protest this policy. Therefore, according to this example, minimum wage has become an issue that cannot be ignoredRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Increased1057 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Nevins Meredith Sides English 101 16 November 2015 Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher

The Technique Of Anaesthesia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(37) " and has the largest curative index\." The anesthesiologist should choose the optimum technique for any given patient and process. The pick of anesthetic technique that patients receive depends on the nature and continuance of the surgical process being performed and patients ‘ physical and psychological wellness position. General anesthesia has several advantages ; facilitates complete control of the air passage, external respiration, and circulation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Technique Of Anaesthesia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It allows executing a long lasting operation even at different parts of the organic structure at the same clip. It is besides the preferable method in instance of allergy/ sensitiveness to local anesthetics ( LA ) drugs used in regional anesthesia. However, there are some disadvantages to the usage of general anesthesia. Some grade of physiological alterations may happen. It besides needs some readying before surgery and requires complex and dearly-won machinery. There are some side effects and complications attached to general anesthesia. Although they are by and large uncommon in healthy people ; this frequently depends on several factors, including age of the patients ( greatest at the extremes of age ) [ 3 ] , or related to the ASA scaling of the patient ( higher in ASA IV-V ) [ 4, 5 ] . However, the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths has shown that general anesthesia is a direct cause of mortality in merely 0.0007 % [ 6 ] . The commonest side effects associated with general anesthesia including postoperative sickness and emesis ( PONV ) , concern, sore pharynx, shuddering, itchiness, and urinary keeping. Intra-operative consciousness and external respiration troubles are uncommon side effects which occur in less than 1.5 -2 in 1000 anesthetics [ 7 ] . General anesthesia is besides doing serious complications such as anaphylaxis, myocardial infarction, malignant hyperthermy, sever encephalon hurt, and peripheral nervus harm ; although these complications are really rare and carry a hazard of less than 1 in 10,000 – 1 in 100,000 instances [ 7, 8 ] . Local anesthesia Local anesthesia is used to barricade hurting in a portion of the organic structure ( by cut downing axonal membrane permeableness to Na and temporarily barricading nervus conductivity ) ; this will blunt the integral tegument or mucous secretion membrane so patients will non experience hurting and any other esthesis ; it allows patients to stay to the full watchful. The process is normally of short continuance and anesthesia is performed by shooting, spraying, or topical application of local anesthetic drugs at, or near, the site of the process. Normally used local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine and bupivacaine. These vary in their oncoming of action ( 0 – 5 min ) and continuance of the block ( 15 – 200 min ) . There are different types and signifiers of local anesthetics used, including injection ( infiltration anesthesia ) , spray and pick ( topical anesthesia ) . An illustration of this is local anesthetic used for dental intervention. Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics ( EMLA ) pick is a topical signifier of local anesthetics ( lidocaine + prilocaine ) . This is widely used to ease cutaneal processs ( e.g. Circumcision, venipuncture, arterial puncture, leg ulcers ) , particularly in kids [ 9, 10 ] . Although local anesthesia is non utile for supplying anesthesia for major operations ; it allows the public presentation of minor processs such as suturing a minor lesion. It could besides supply equal analgesia postoperatively by infiltration of the surgical lesion [ 11 ] . Other local anesthetics, such as cocaine, are used for topical anesthesia on mucose membranes. Patients may hold an allergic reaction to the local anesthetic used, which is normally rare ( less than 1:400,000 anesthetics ) [ 12 ] . Systemic toxicity ( CNS, cardiac toxicity ) may happen due to rapid systemic soaking up, or accidental injection of LA into circulation although it is by and large really rare [ 13 ] . Conscious sedation Conscious sedation or endovenous sedation [ 14 ] has different attack to the construct of blunting the nervus or bring forthing a province of unconsciousness. This is normally chosen to loosen up patients and do them experience sleepy but remain awake plenty to retain the protective physiological reactions and communicate with the anesthesiologist. Specific hurting medicines are administered intravenously along with a ataractic drug to understate patients ‘ uncomfortableness. The latter drugs give another advantage of doing impermanent memory loss, so that patients may non retrieve what happens during the process [ 15 ] . This type of anesthesia is used, for illustration, for some diagnostic processs ( e.g. stomachic endoscopy ) . Regional anesthesia Regional anesthesia is so named because a â€Å" part † of the organic structure, such as the upper limb or lower limb, is anesthetised without doing the individual unconscious. This involves injection of the local anesthetic stopping point to nervousnesss ( e.g. peripheral nervus block ) , or straight into the cardinal nervous system ( e.g. spinal block ) . The practical beginning of regional anesthesia was every bit early as 1884 by Halsted A ; Hall ( USA ) , when they demonstrated successful anesthesia by intraneural injection of cocaine into centripetal nervousnesss ( supraocular, infraoribital, ulnar, and inferior dental consonant ) . Just one twelvemonth subsequently ( 1885 ) , accidently, Dr J. Leonard Corning ( USA ) has administered the first spinal anesthetic utilizing cocaine on a Canis familiaris. It was non until 1891, when Dr Quincke ( USA ) foremost demonstrated the feasibleness of needle interpolation through the dura ( spinal puncture ) , before it was foremost used successfully by Dr August K. G. Bier ( Germany ) in animate beings and so on himself in 1898. Epidural anesthesia was first described in 1885 by Corning utilizing caudal attack ; but a chiseled technique via lumber injection was non used until 1930s [ 16 ] . Few old ages subsequently, P Ansbro ( USA ) has foremost reported uninterrupted peripheral nervus blo ck ( CPNB ) [ 17 ] . He described a successful uninterrupted brachial rete block. This type of regional anesthesia was foremost introduced by the German sawbones August K. G. Bier in 1908 ; therefore the name, â€Å" Bier ‘s block † . Bier injected prilocaine into a antecedently exsanguinated limb. The block plants by the direct diffusion of the injected local anesthetic from the venas into the neighbouring nervousnesss. This block consequences in a complete anesthesia for the limb to be operated. Its usage is limited to below-elbow or below articulatio genus processs. Prilocaine is the drug of pick for Intravenous regional anesthesia, as it is the least toxic local anesthetic and has the largest curative index. You read "The Technique Of Anaesthesia Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The popularity of Bier ‘s block has increased more after debut of Lidocaine as a replacement for prilocaine. Prilocaine and Lidocaine were found to be of comparable in oncoming, continuance, quality of block, and safety [ 18 ] . The developm ent in pharmacological and pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics used, and the promotion in the techniques has led the Bier ‘s Block to go one of the most normally used regional anesthetic techniques [ 19-24 ] . This technique is frequently preferred for minor processs that last for less than 1 hr on the manus and forearm ( e.g. deletion of carpus ganglia, tendon grafting ) . Time bound of 1 hr is due to the uncomfortableness caused by the applied compression bandage on the operable limb, which is happening if the process lasted beyond 1 hr. Another restriction of this type of anesthesia is the deficiency of postoperative analgesia, as the block wears off shortly after the release of compression bandage. Systemic toxicity of local anesthetic ( CNS toxicity ) is the chief complication of this technique, although it is really rare ; chiefly due to an excessively loose compression bandages or to the failure of equipment ( inadvertent compression bandage deflation ) . This technique is simple, easy to larn and execute, and really safe if big doses of local anesthetics are avoided and careful monitoring of tourniquet force per unit area is ensured, along with immediate handiness of resuscitation equipments. In spinal anesthesia, a little sum of local anesthetic ( e.g. bupivacaine ) is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) in subarachnoid infinite, at lumbar vertebral inter-space L3/L4 or L4/L5, and causes a loss of esthesis of the lower organic structure. The block is normally achieved in a few proceedingss and stopping points for a few hours. Spinal anesthesia provides first-class surgical anesthesia and it preferred technique for most patients as they stay awake during the operation, so they are able to speak, ask, and listen to music. It besides provides good analgesia in the few hours following surgery, fewer drugs used, higher satisfaction, and lower mortality rate ( in patients who had Caesarean subdivision ) [ 26, 27 ] . In extradural block, a big volume of local anesthetic is injected through a catheter placed in the extradural ( epidural ) infinite, merely before piercing the dura and come ining the subarachnoid infinite. The oncoming of action and the continuance of the resulted block of this technique are longer than that of spinal anesthesia. The extradural catheter is used to let a uninterrupted disposal of local anesthetic ( either, extract or exceed up boluses ) for postoperative analgesia for hours or even yearss. Peripheral nervus block ( PNB ) is one of the methods of regional anesthesia that is used to cut down hurting and let for surgical processs. PNB is a technique which can be used to barricade a specific country such as one pes, or one arm, by injection of the local anesthetic around the nervousnesss, doing the operable country feel asleep and so the patient feels no hurting. There are different techniques of PNB described for upper or lower limb surgery. Although CPNB has demonstrated its efficaciousness if right placed [ 32, 33 ] ; inaccurate arrangement of catheters and the attendant failure block or unequal analgesia were reported every bit high as 40 % [ 34, 35 ] . Confirmation of the catheter location is disputing. The usage of a stimulating catheter may better the truth and success of the technique [ 36 ] . However there was a contention about its effectivity [ 37 ] . In some Centres, anaesthetists no longer utilize or learn nerve stimulator techniques [ 38 ] . Ultrasound is besides non dependable to adequately visualize the catheter ; hence, this technique is normally used along with the nervus stimulator in CPNB [ 39 ] . There are some possible advantages of utilizing PNB over general anesthesia. The patient remains witting and is cognizant of what is traveling on around him. Air passages are maintained throughout the process with minimum hazard of aspiration of stomachic contents. Patients normally enjoy a drum sander recovery which requires less nursing attention. Regional anesthesia has besides been shown to supply first-class intra-operative anesthesia, and to cut down the strength and continuance of postoperative hurting for up to 18 hours. The usage of local anesthetic drugs in regional anesthesia techniques and avoiding opioid analgesia has shown an betterment in the quality of postoperative analgesia, clip to first analgesia and a decrease in side effects and complications. These advantages might be as a consequence of reduced dosage of opioids, non straight linked to the good consequence of regional anaesthesia/analgesia. Postoperative sickness and emesis ( PONV ) is common side consequence among patients holding surgery [ 41-43 ] . Generally, regional anesthesia is associated with a comparatively lower incidence of PONV as compared to general anesthesia [ 44, 45 ] . In peculiar, CPNB which has proved to cut down the incidence of hurting and PONV [ 46, 47 ] . However, today ‘s general anesthesia with the debut of new anesthetic agents ( e.g. propofol ) has besides reduced the hazard of PONV [ 42 ] . Regional anesthesia is frequently reserved for those with high hazard of holding PONV from general anesthesia, peculiarly with volatile agents [ 43 ] . A longer period of hurting alleviation can be achieved by adding some medicines to local anesthetics ( e.g. morphia or Fentanyl ) . Although this may lend, to some grade, in increasing the hazard of PONV and itchiness, these side effects were comparable in both techniques [ 29 ] . Intrathecal opioid has besides demonstrated a better quality of analgesia than systemic opioid analgesia [ 48 ] . Continuous extract of local anesthetics is now considered the gilded criterion for hurting alleviation in the postoperative period. It has demonstrated better analgesia than individual shooting PNB [ 49 ] or patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA ) [ 50 ] . Trouble alleviation can be provided utilizing CPNB for yearss or even hebdomads. Preemptive analgesia is another possible method for bettering hurting tonss. This involves establishing injection of local anesthetics around nervousnesss pre-operatively to cut down postoperative hurting [ 51 ] . Despite strong grounds of its efficaciousness in carnal theoretical accounts [ 52 ] , and some clinical surveies [ 53, 54 ] , there is still controversy environing the dependability and effectivity of this technique in clinical scenes [ 55-58 ] . Neuraxial anesthesia has demonstrated several possible advantages over general anesthesia. It has significantly reduced the continuance of operation, PONV, hazard of thrombo-embolic disease, the demand for blood transfusion, pneumonic complications ( e.g. atelectasis, infection ) . Neuraxial anesthesia allows for better postoperative hurting alleviation, which may cut down pneumonic complications ( e.g. pneumonic intercalation ) , allow early mobilization, and possibly shortening infirmary stay [ 40, 59 ] . Similarly, hurting alleviation provided by PNB, particularly with CPNB, allows for early mobilization which could finally cut down the incidence of thrombo-embolism disease ( DVT or pneumonic intercalation ) and joint stiffness, sleep perturbation, and improved patients ‘ satisfaction [ 60-62 ] . There is a small grounds in the literature to back up the good consequence of regional anesthesia on mortality and surgical results ( e.g. complications, continuance of surgery, and early ambulation ) . Leaden grounds suggests that regional anesthesia has the potency to better these results [ 59 ] . In general, intra-operative hazards of regional anesthesia are somewhat less than that of general anesthesia. However, hazards are highly low presents ( 1 in 100,000 deceases ) in both techniques [ 63 ] , due to the promotion of techniques, accomplishments and of all time bettering guidelines. Despite all the complications associated with regional anesthesia, peculiarly with neuroaxial blocks, the safety profile of these techniques is perchance higher than that of general anesthesia. Hawkins et Al [ 26 ] reported a steady decrease in mortality rate ( in patients who had Caesarean subdivision ) over old ages ( 1979 – 1990 ) , compared to that for general anesthetics which remains the same. Furthermore, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists has reported a important decrease in mortality from 9 in 1000,000 ( 1981 ) to 1.4 in 1000,000 ( 1999 ) [ 27 ] . However, there was deficient grounds to back up the usage of these techniques in cut downing the mortality rate in other types of surgery such as orthopedic [ 59 ] . Disadvantages of regional anesthesia Regional anesthesia, similar to general anesthesia, needs some acquired accomplishments and the larning curve of regional anesthesia is well high. Epidural and spinal anesthesia are more hard to larn than some techniques used in general anesthesia, such as tracheal cannulation or arterial line arrangement [ 64 ] . Novitiates normally achieve an betterment after 20 – 25 spinal or extradural processs ; nevertheless, competence ( defined as success rate of a†°? 90 % ) is normally reached with a lower limit of 45 – 90 processs. In contrast, competence in peripheral nervus block was reached in about 62 – 70 efforts [ 65 ] . In comparing to other anesthetic accomplishments, cannulation and arterial line arrangement larning curve reached competence after an norm of 57 and 60 efforts, severally [ 64, 65 ] . Sites et al [ 66 ] demonstrated that novitiates can quickly get the hang the basic ultrasound accomplishments required for successful fake interventional processs. This has shown an betterment in truth, up to 59 % after merely 3 tests. Clinically, and utilizing ultrasound counsel, a success rate of 93.6 % was demonstrated after 66 peripheral nervus blocks [ 67 ] , and 94 % after merely 60 extradural punctures [ 68 ] . For assorted grounds, regional anesthesia may non be plenty to transport out the surgical process and it may necessitate some deliverance analgesia, sedation or even transition to general anesthesia. Another disadvantage is a delayed oncoming of action ( which may take up to 20 – 30 proceedingss ) to be wholly sufficient to execute the surgery. Regional anesthesia is besides non suited for some operation such as cardiac surgery. Complications in regional anesthesia There are several side effects and complications that are common to all types of regional anesthesia and some specific to each technique. Most of the complications of regional anesthesia are comparatively minor and easy managed [ 69 ] . However, some serious complications still may happen but at really low rate. The approximative incidence of these major complications is between 0.2 – 5 in 10,000 ( in grownups ) [ 70 ] . This is lower in pediatric and obstetric population ( lt ; 0.1 in 10.000 ) [ 71, 72 ] . Complications are chiefly related to cardinal techniques ( spinal and extradural ) ; for illustration, spinal cord harm ( due to direct injury or equipment failure, haematoma and infection ) , and systemic toxicity ( due to inadvertent endovenous injection of local anesthetic drugs ) . If these occur, results are normally hapless, and intervention of complications is supportive [ 73 ] . Temporary nervus hurt in regional anesthesia occurs in less than 1 % of all instances ; about all patients make a full recovery within 6 hebdomads. Permanent nerve hurt is a really rare complication and it occurs in 1 in 10,000 instances. Other side effects associated with regional anesthesia including PONV, bruises, concern ( relates to goad design and gage size ) , hypotension ( due to peripheral vasodilatation ) , urinary keeping, itchiness and back hurting. These are common man in cardinal techniques of regional anesthesia ( particularly spinal anesthesia ) [ 70, 74-76 ] . Infection following regional anesthetic techniques is really rare. However, certain patients with co-morbidities ( e.g. HIV patients, on corticosteroid intervention ) may hold a higher hazard of infection than otherwise healthy patients. The hazard of infection in regional anesthesia can be greatly minimised by following rigorous sterile safeguards during the public presentation of the block. The hazard of systemic toxicity is somewhat higher in extradural anesthesias due to the big volume of local anesthetic used. Other terrible and rare complications might besides happen such as extradural abscess or haematoma, meningitis, neurologic hurt, cardiac apprehension, with incidence less than 1 in 10,000 instances [ 25, 77, 78 ] . Failure rate is considered as one of the commonest complications of regional anesthesia. The overall failure rate of regional anesthesia is about 1 – 5 % [ 70 ] . In PNB, unequal block with attendant unequal analgesia is history for 1 in 100 instances. The rate of transition to general anesthesia of spinal/ extradural anesthesia is somewhat lower ( 1.3 – 4.9 % ) than PNB ( 1 – 10 % ) [ 79-82 ] , possibly due to the acquaintance of anesthesiologists and the short acquisition curve of cardinal neuraxial techniques. Several factors are responsible for block failure, including clinicians ‘ accomplishments, handiness and easiness of usage of equipment and devices, and other factors related to the patients ( e.g. age, ASA position, weight, anxiousness ) . Ultimately, block failure means transition to general anesthesia or proroguing the operation. That is why anesthesiologists should non execute regional anesthesia unless the operating theater is to the full equi pped and staffed to execute general anesthesia when this happened. As mentioned, handiness and the easiness of usage of instruments ( e.g. nervus stimulator, ultrasound ) are of import factors determined the success of the block. These instruments, if failing ( e.g. malfunction, dislocation, needle design ) , will take to some complications. For illustration, systemic toxicity due to displacement of LA-infusing catheter into blood watercourse or subarachnoid infinite, hapless images utilizing ultrasound leads to steel harm or block failure, or concern when utilizing cutting spinal acerate leafs. Methods of nervus localization of function Surface landmarks This technique of nervus localization of function depends on the surface anatomic landmarks for supplying regional anesthesia. This blind technique is normally hard and clip consuming. Inaccurate needle arrangement normally consequences in high rate of block failure ( up to 15 % ) [ 83 ] . It is besides associated with high per centum of complications ( e.g. nerve hurt [ 84, 85 ] , vascular puncture [ 86 ] , pneumothorax [ 87 ] , and systemic toxicity [ 88 ] ) . Multiple needle interpolation and the long clip required to happen the nervus and infix the acerate leaf can be painful to the patient, and may increase anxiousness. Nerve stimulation Puting acerate leafs and catheters in propinquity to peripheral nervousnesss involves a stimulating acerate leaf or weaving a catheter through a stimulating acerate leaf following successful nerve stimulation [ 31 ] . This is the chief construct of nerve stimulation technique used in regional anesthesia or supplying analgesia. Nerve stimulation technique was the gilded criterion for peripheral nervus block, and it was described as an effectual and safe technique for needle counsel in regional anesthesia [ 89-91 ] . This method relies on anatomical landmarks to steer the acerate leaf or the catheter near to the targeted nervus. This technique is effectual when the anesthesiologist is decently trained [ 92, 93 ] . However, it is non possible to corroborate the concluding location of the needle tip and the catheter with regard to the targeted nervus. The form of local anesthetic solution spread is besides hard to measure. The nerve stimulation technique is frequently hard due to anatomical variableness and the deeper location of the nervus [ 94 ] . As a consequence, a assortment of possible complications might happen ( e.g. lasting harm to the nervus or nearby constructions ) . Systemic toxicity ( due to intravascular injection of local anesthetic ) may besides happen. In add-on, failure rate of this technique is around 5-20 % [ 95-97 ] . This technique is besides associated with patients ‘ uncomfortableness during the process because of the increased figure of needle base on ballss. This technique is non utile in surgery affecting kids. Ultrasound Measuring the place of inserted acerate leafs and threaded catheters utilizing ultrasound is important in increasing success rate and cut downing complications. Therefore, understanding of how to utilize this public-service corporation is really of import. With this image-guided technique, the designation of surface landmarks is even going less of import. 2D ultrasound-guided needle interpolation or catheter arrangement allows direct visual image of the acerate leafs and the catheters during their arrangement in a close propinquity to the nervus, which may increase the safety and effectivity of the block, particularly with blocks affecting superficial nervousnesss. In catheter arrangement, this may besides cut down the demand for x-ray imagination to corroborate its location [ 98 ] . Central neuraxial blocks appear to be hard to execute under ultrasound counsel [ 99 ] , chiefly due to the deepness of constructions and dominating by castanetss. The figure of users of this technique among anesthesiologists is turning, chiefly due to the direct visual image of the progressing acerate leaf or catheter and the nervus. However, real-time ultrasound visual image of acerate leafs and catheters is still suboptimal with the current ultrasound imagination engineering, particularly for visualizing perineural catheters. This is attributed to several factors, including hapless image declaration, unequal preparation. Three/ four dimensional ( 3D/4D ) ultrasound is besides used for needle interpolation and catheter arrangement in PNB [ 100-103 ] . In literature, this engineering is still in its early phases and informations available do non back up its usage in PNB. The chief issues in the limited usage of this engineering are including the strangeness of the practicians with this fresh engineering, complexness, and the high cost of the machines. Central venous entree in regional anesthesia Central venous catheter ( CVC ) canulation is one of the indispensable elements of the health care provided to surgical patients. It has been estimated that about 200,000 cardinal venous canulation processs are performed every twelvemonth in the NHS [ 104 ] , and more than 5 1000000s in the United States [ 105 ] . CVC arrangement is normally performed in different fortes ( e.g. anesthesia, intensive attention, surgery, exigency medical specialty, and hemodialysis ) . These catheters are placed for several indicants, normally as a vascular entree for giving fluids to supplement any hapless peripheral venous entree, administrating drugs for prolonged periods ( e.g. entire parental nutrition, chemotherapy ) , repeated sampling, cardinal venous force per unit area monitoring, cardiac and pneumonic arteria catheterization, and cardiac tempo. Normally cannulated venas are internal and external jugular venas, subclavian, femoral, and antecubital venas. For each vena there is a specific technique and attack for canulation. Seldinger technique ( Catheter over guidewire ) is the preferable method for canulation in most venas. Other techniques of catheter arrangement are catheter over the needle ( easiest and fastest methods of interpolation ) and catheter through the needle ( least common due to high hazard of intercalation ) . How to cite The Technique Of Anaesthesia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Weingart Aircraft Paper Summary

Question: Discuss about the Weingart Aircraftfor Paper Summary. Answer: Introduction The Weingart Aircrafts President, Ralph Larsen discovered that the organization was experiencing serious problems regarding its quality, yet the aircraft focused on its profitability instead of investing in the sustainability of the organization. In fact, if the company fails to act on the quality issues immediately, its valued profits will surely drop (Zafar Naveed, 2017). The President has thus sought the services of the organizational development practitioners who seemed to have recommended the implementation of the Total Quality Management strategy, an argument that is supported by Cummings and Worley (2015). The president thought that the TQM implementation is simple. He delegated the duties to the subordinates in hope that they can act on this simple techniques. According to Sethuraman and Suresh (2014), the president viewed the strategy as common sense aspects thus thought he could not waste time in it. Outline of Change Problem Macro Problem Weingart Aircraft is almost losing its valued and loyal customers who have appeared affected by their poor quality products. The poor quality is putting the companys image into disrepute thus hurting the brand thus affirming Codreanus (2010) findings. Micro Problem The management valued the profit maximization strategy The profits rarely matches the companys rank thus exposing serious prospects of falling Causes of the Problem The quality problem is the issue at hand and the top managers have already identified it as the companys major issue. From the top management, the president seems to have exposed the source of the problem as explained by Todnem (2007). He confirmed that the organization never prioritized the adoption of TQM into the aircrafts culture. This indicated that the support of the top management is lacking (Lunenburg, 2010). The TQM program as recommended was never clearly identified. This indicates that that the managers lacked proper training on the way forward. Diagnostic model Tichys TPC framework is critical in identifying the problems Weingarts problems based on the technical, political, and cultural (TPC) as explained by Jobber and Lucas (2000). The framework is effective as it integrates the general management and marketing management between strategic groups. Source: Jobber, Lucas, 2000 Cultural: - Weingart Aircraft requires a flat management authority and hierarchy to facilitate the communication aspects. This strategy would ease the control of various companies. The lack of MIS and cross-functional teams continue to affect organizations performance. Political: - The organization has failed to convey the firms objectives and vision. The managers of Weingart just follow instructions without questioning them. This has made it difficult for it to empower the workforce thus disrupting the bond of trust between managers and employees (Sethuraman Suresh, 2014). Similarly, the external and internal clients have experienced the lack of support from the managements. Therefore, the aircraft lacks proper leadership, support, training, and reward and feedback system. Technical: - This aircraft lacks the management information systems thus making it difficult for the company to allow the employees network efficiently as a team (Senior Swailes, 2016). With the bad quality, it is evident that poor training is an issue alongside the improper quality inspections, out-dated technology, and measurement instruments. Brief Overview of Next Steps Kotter model of leadership provides eight steps on how an organization can adopt change (Lewis, 2011; Sethuraman Suresh, 2014) Establishing the urgency sense Creating a guiding coalition Developing clear vision Communicating the vision Empowering people to allow them act Creating short-term wins Consolidating the gains Institutionalizing the change Conclusion Weingart Aircraft suffers the worst situation that threatens its reputation and image because of poor quality. With the Tichys TPC framework, it proves possible to diagnose the organizational change. References Codreanu, A. (2010). Organizational Change: A Matter of Individual and Group Behavior Transformation. Journal of Defense Resources Management, 1(1), 49-56. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2015). Organization Development and Change 10th Ed. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Jobber, D. Lucas, G.J. (2000). The Modified Tichy TPC Framework for Pattern Matching and Hypothesis Development in Historical Case Study Research. Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), 865-874. Lewis, L. K. (2011). Organizational Change: Creating Change through Strategic Communication. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell. Lunenburg, F. C. (2010). Approaches to managing Organizational Change. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 12(1), 1-10. Senior, B. Swailes, S. (2016). Organizational Change, 5edn. New York: Pearson Higher Education. Sethuraman, K. Suresh, J. (2014). Effective Leadership Styles. International Business Research, 7(9), 165. Todnem, R. (2007). Organizational Change Management: A Critical Review. Journal of change Management, 5(4), 369-380. Zafar, F. Naveed, K. (2017). Organizational Change and Dealing with Employees Resistance. International Journal of Management Excellence, 2(3).

Battle of Biography of Charles Martel, Frankish Ruler

Battle of Biography of Charles Martel, Frankish Ruler Charles Martel (August 23, 686 CE–October 22, 741 CE) was the leader of the Frankish army and, effectively, the ruler of the Frankish kingdom, or Francia (present-day Germany and France). He is known for winning the Battle of Tours in 732 CE and turning back the Muslim invasions of Europe. He is the grandfather of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor. Fast Facts: Charles Martel Known For:  Ruler of the Frankish kingdom, known for winning the Battle of Tours and turning back the Muslim invasions of EuropeAlso Known As: Carolus Martellus, Karl Martell,  Martel (or the Hammer)Born:  August 23, 686 CEParents: Pippin the Middle and AlpaidaDied:  October 22, 741 CESpouse(s): Rotrude of Treves, Swanhild; mistress, RuodhaidChildren: Hiltrud, Carloman, Landrade, Auda, Pippin the Younger, Grifo, Bernard, Hieronymus, Remigius, and Ian Early Life Charles Martel (August 23, 686–October 22, 741) was the son of Pippin the Middle and his second wife, Alpaida. Pippin was the mayor of the palace to the King of the Franks and essentially ruled Francia (France and Germany today) in his place. Shortly before Pippins death in 714, his first wife, Plectrude, convinced him to disinherit his other children in favor of his 8-year-old grandson Theudoald. This move angered the Frankish nobility and, following Pippins death, Plectrude tried to prevent Charles from becoming a rallying point for their discontent and imprisoned the 28-year-old in Cologne. Rise to Power and Reign By the end of 715, Charles had escaped from captivity and found support among the Austrasians who comprised one of the Frankish kingdoms. Over the next three years, Charles conducted a civil war against King Chilperic and the Mayor of the Palace of Neustria, Ragenfrid. Charles suffered a setback at Cologne (716) before winning key victories at Ambleve (716) and Vincy (717).   After taking time to secure his borders, Charles won a decisive victory at Soissons over Chilperic and the Duke of Aquitaine, Odo the Great, in 718. Triumphant, Charles was able to gain recognition for his titles as mayor of the palace and duke and prince of the Franks. Over the next five years, he consolidated power as well as conquered Bavaria and Alemmania before defeating the Saxons. With the Frankish lands secured, Charles next began to prepare for an anticipated attack from the Muslim Umayyads to the south. Family Charles married Rotrude of Treves with whom he had five children before her death in 724. These were Hiltrud, Carloman, Landrade, Auda, and Pippin the Younger. Following Rotrudes death, Charles married Swanhild, with whom he had a son Grifo. In addition to his two wives, Charles had an ongoing affair with his mistress Ruodhaid. Their relationship produced four children, Bernard, Hieronymus, Remigius, and Ian. Facing the Umayyads In 721, the Muslim Umayyads first came north and were defeated by Odo at the Battle of Toulouse. Having assessed the situation in Iberia and the Umayyad attack on Aquitaine, Charles came to believe that a professional army, rather than raw conscripts, was needed to defend the realm from invasion. To raise the money necessary to build and train an army that could withstand the Muslim horsemen, Charles began seizing Church lands, earning the ire of the religious community. In 732, the Umayyads moved north again, led by Emir Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. Commanding approximately 80,000 men, he plundered Aquitaine. As Abdul Rahman sacked Aquitaine, Odo fled north to seek aid from Charles. This was granted in exchange for Odo recognizing Charles as his overlord. Mobilizing his army, Charles moved to intercept the Umayyads. Battle of Tours In order to avoid detection and allow Charles to select the battlefield, the approximately 30,000 Frankish troops moved over secondary roads toward the town of Tours. For the battle, Charles selected a high, wooded plain which would force the Umayyad cavalry to charge uphill. Forming a large square, his men surprised Abdul Rahman, forcing the Umayyad emir to pause for a week to consider his options. On the seventh day, after gathering all of his forces, Abdul Rahman attacked with his Berber and Arab cavalry. In one of the few instances where medieval infantry stood up to cavalry, Charles troops defeated repeated Umayyad attacks. As the battle raged, the Umayyads finally broke through the Frankish lines and attempted to kill Charles. He was promptly surrounded by his personal guard, who repulsed the attack. As this was occurring, scouts that Charles had sent out earlier were infiltrating the Umayyad camp and freeing prisoners. Victory Believing that the plunder of the campaign was being stolen, a large part of the Umayyad army broke off the battle and raced to protect their camp. While attempting to stop the apparent retreat, Abdul Rahman was surrounded and killed by Frankish troops. Briefly pursued by the Franks, the Umayyad withdrawal turned into a full retreat. Charles reformed his troops expecting another attack, but to his surprise, it never came as the Umayyads continued their retreat all the way to Iberia. Charles victory at the Battle of Tours was later credited for saving Western Europe from the Muslim invasions and was a turning point in European history. Expanding the Empire After spending the next three years securing his eastern borders in Bavaria and Alemannia, Charles moved south to fend off an Umayyad naval invasion in Provence. In 736, he led his forces in reclaiming Montfrin, Avignon, Arles, and Aix-en-Provence.  These campaigns marked the first time he integrated heavy cavalry with stirrups into his formations.   Though he won a string of victories, Charles elected not to attack Narbonne due to the strength of its defenses and the casualties that would be incurred during any assault.  As the campaigning concluded, King  Theuderic IV died. Though he had the power to appoint a new King of the Franks, Charles did not do so and left the throne vacant rather than claim it for himself. From 737 until his death in 741, Charles focused on the administration of his realm and expanding his influence. This included subduing Burgundy in 739. These years also saw Charles lay the groundwork for his heirs succession following his death. Death Charles Martel died on October 22, 741. His lands were divided between his sons Carloman and Pippin III. The latter would father the next great Carolingian leader, Charlemagne. Charles remains were interred at the Basilica of St. Denis near Paris. Legacy Charles Martel reunited and ruled the entire Frankish realm. His victory at Tours is credited with turning back the Muslim invasion of Europe, a major turning point in European history. Martel was the grandfather of Charlemagne, who became the first Roman Emperor since the fall of the Roman Empire. Sources Fouracre,  Paul. The Age of Charles Martel. Routledge, 2000.Johnson, Diana M. Pepins Bastard: The Story of Charles Martel. Superior Book Publishing Co., 1999Mckitterick, Rosamond. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Social Science Essay -Housing Extended Report The WritePass Journal

Social Science Essay -Housing Extended Report Introduction Social Science Essay -Housing Extended Report due to the prevailing economic climate as well as processes involved in consultation with the residents. Meanwhile, for proper management, and based on the single parent family, this project will provide and devise a methodology to assess the impact on a defined single parent housing as far as Woodberry Down estate regeneration is of concern (Berkeley Group, 2014). Impact Assessment As far as impact assessment stages is of concern, it is so evident that owning a house as a single parent is not easy given that one has stretch budget in relation to the tough job he or she is doing that requires attention at large. Single parents as well as mothers require sacrifices to meet the aspect of home ownership. As far as the regeneration of Woodberry Down estate is of concern, the projects looks forward to initiate the best impact assessment stages that will help single parent be able to acquire home ownership.   Impact Assessment Stages a. Policies guiding single parents to achieve and own a house To start with, there will be initiation of policies that favours single parent to acquire a house in this programme. Just on the reflection challenges facing these families, and the bills that they require to meet, the function of this programme as far as   the regeneration of Woodberry Down estate is of concern, will be to necessitate low-income buyer with less limitation policies as compared to the duo families. These policies will be unveiled through community policing and the only requirement will be a small fee i.e. not exceeding  £850 as the registration fee. The programme however, looks forward to initiate the aspect of affordability and consistency in terms of ability one has to necessitate. b. Commitment However, for the programme to work well, we need to administer the aspect of commitment among the registered single parents aspiring to own a house within the initiative of Woodberry Down estate programme. It is good to note that commitment works hand in hand with effective communication and therefore leading to positive results. Concurrently, it is evident that â€Å"Commitment is dedication to a particular organisation, cause, or belief, and a willingness to get involved. People who are committed to an organization or effort truly believe that it is important, and they show up, follow through, and stick with it. The more people who are committed to your organization, the greater the momentum you can generate to get the job done.† For effective work and delivery of services, the aspect of effective communication should be taken into account (Robert, 2001: 12-17). When there is no communication for instance, between the Woodberry Down Estate management and the stakeholders i.e. single parents, the quality and delivery of services will be compromised hence undermining the programme to an extend that the morale of owning a house as a single parent in relation to the confined income may be impossible to meet. From this perception, the report will execute Lewis’s strategic module that implement effective delivery of services as far as owning a house as a single parent and Woodberry Down estate regeneration programme is taken into account. c. Equality The virtue of equality will be given a hand on every single parent aspiring to own a house as far as Woodberry Down estate and regeneration programme is taken into account. Through this virtue, the programme will incur local housing strategy that impacts all tenants as well as resident of Woodberry Down estate and this in turn will build up more affordable homes across all tenures. In addition, the aspect of equality will oversee and tackle anti-social behaviours hence increasing mobility across the housing system. The virtue of commitment requires mobilization and sustainability. To identify and change in the situation, the reports anticipate providing the re-configuration of Woodberry Down estate through community policing. â€Å"The more committed people there are the more effective they are in influencing others. If a whole group acts with determination and commitment, great numbers of people will really pay attention. People who are committed are the ones who dont take discouragement seriously and dont give up. They set an example for those who dont have the confidence or experience to go through the hard times and hold out for the rewards of success.† For this to take place, laying down good and structured communication roles among the stakeholders and single parent will be an enticing aspect. This will be through every member being acquainted with the goals of the project, vision, and period time requisition as well as satisfaction aspect. d. Initiative of repayment cycle Nevertheless, to drive a positive change, the report necessitates the deployment of 10 percent repayment cycle to the single parents unlike from other stakeholder around the country who requires 50 percent of the total money required to own a house. The introduction of day to day repayment cycle will also be the best approach as this will see single parents paying as less as  £20 per day hence initiating modern technology instrumentation to collect the debit from the single parents.   As we anticipate to positively triggering these services, it becomes clearer that there may be some very strong forces preventing substantial changes of any kind from occurring. This includes; constraints, economic challenges, strict budget, poor communication and problem from modern technological instrumentation (Beard Billett, 2010: 32-36 An analysis based on the problem facing the department was analysed by various scholars. Haven, for instance, started that the drivers for change are dominant to the resistance force. In order for us to provide good and sustainable service to the Woodberry Down Estate community, force field analysis is evitable. This compares the result from both drivers for change and against the total numbers to reduce negative impact and the challenges single parents meets hence, reducing cost and maintaining the organisation value and the fate of the single parents mothers (Kemm, 2012: 11-14). This can be done by encouraging the individuals that they should adopt new behaviours and discard the old one. It also presents the existing problem and makes people realise the need for change. It involves encouraging the individuals to look for new solutions. In addition to the above factors, unfreezing also involves eliminating the rewards for the individuals current behaviours so that they can be discouraged to use. This is useful implementation of Woodberry Down Estate regeneration based on the single parents is taken into account (OMullane, 2013: 57-62).   Research methodology The purpose of this report is to analyse and discuss possible ways that correlates with IA policies on integration of stakeholders, community, state members as well as regional levels as far as Woodberry Down Regeneration and planning is of concern. As far as the single parent and Woodberry down estate housing are of concern, this report also looks forward to devise a methodology to assess the impact on the defined single parenthood management.   The sample and survey will be directed to the single families that look forward to invest in this project through an opinion.   There is recognition of the data collection and its framework analysis for the purpose of answering the research questions and achieves targeted objectives through validation, outsourcing, collection and data analysis. The study on the basis of literature has shown that the research goals would be achieved more efficiently with the quantitative method. Whereas, the literature reviewed has revealed an objective need for numeric data that is necessary to a greater extent due to its absence, rather than non-numeric data. The quantitative method allows assessing the influence of the identified factors by the end-user, which permits the initiation and building of a consumer behaviour model. Ultimately, the variables were identified on the basis of the literature studied (O’Reilly, Truman, Redmond, Yunni, Wright, Cave Haq, 2006: 10-13). a. Research philosophy and approach The objective of this report is to develop a philosophical study. We may define it as â€Å"an over-arching term relating to the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge.† Due to this aspect, the report initiated the use of deductive approach to analyse the case as it stand out to be the right approach based on development of knowledge as far as over-arching perception is of concern. Based on the fact that theoretical framework has been defined, a test will be necessary to articulate the outlined theories hence; assuring the aspect of quantitative method which is one of the research methods. b. Research strategies To necessitate the aspect of research strategy, the report will adopt and make use of   Ã‚  questionnaires for the experimental actions. The survey will cut across the single parents, diverse ages and anyone aspiring to implement proper planning and housing programme. c. Data Collection Data collection is a crucial stage as far as the prevailing report is of concern as it is triggered from the research strategy that incurs survey activities.   Data collection however, will be availed during exhibition programme where visitors will be requested to give views as far as the liability of owning a house is taken into account. The report will help in acquiring data based on the visitor’s preferences as well as get acquainted to new features and product available as far as housing aspect is of concern. More so, data will be availed based on age group, occupation and level of incomes from diverse culture of Woodberry Down estate. d. Population The population of the Woodberry Down Estate is 8,758 people. According to the Central Statistical Bureau of London, 7,000 of them are aged 18 to 74(Reference GOV website). Typically, data from the leading specialised agencies that focus on the public opinions of the London residents are majorly used for surveys, with a representative sample of 1428 respondents used to make a projection of the opinion of all housing inhabitants of London. It is good to note that the â€Å"Population is the total number of objects of observation, which acquire a certain amount of characteristics, such as gender, income and age.   In order for the survey to have been carried out successfully, it was necessary to generate a sample of inhabitants who are active housing planners (Berkeley Group, 2014).† e. Sample and sample technique The correct display of the population is independent to the sample generated. The sample is a representation of the number of visitors who come to inquire about pricing and acquisition of single parent housing as far as Woodberry Down estate is of concern. This study however, will target the audience between 18-69 years old.   The sample technique will incur Questionnaire where the author is acquainted with several theories to formulate the questions. The report however, will formulate a questionnaire and present to the visitors to ascertain views on the Woodberry Down Estate programme and as far as single parent aspect is taken into account. The regeneration of the estate will avail sample technique with an initiation of five crucial parts questions within the questionnaire.   The first part of the questions will be based on data analysis directed to the consumer’s demography.   The second part will be initiated by the closed questions which bear information that will obtain factual information from the respondent.   Ã‚  The third part will execute questions based on the consumer’s age proportions as well as income probabilities. The forth part will articulates factors that influences the choice and preference of the consumer while the fifth part oversees factors and importance the consumers will assumes for effecting the programme. The analysis of this question will achieve one of the goals, which is to inves tigate the influencing factors on the choice housing the single families aspire to initiate.   The analysis of responses to the third and fourth part of the questionnaire would also achieve one of the goals of the study to explore the advantages of different types of agencies in the selection of their end-users.   All this will be articulated through consumer behaviour model. f. Pilot study To finalise the data collected through the help of sampling technique, a pilot version will be created to ascertain and correct any miscellaneous results hence providing the final data collection.  Ã‚   Single parent aspiring to acquire housing programme and within the regeneration of Woodberry Down estate programme will be the target audience within the pilot study.   Ten pilot questionnaires from the target consumers will be initiated and the feedback tabulated hence any possible adjustments will be unveiled. Any final outcomes from the final version will be executed and tabulated as the primary survey outcomes. g. Sample type and sampling error Probability and the non-probability are the two substantial sample types that the report anticipates to execute to eliminate sampling error. It is critical to note that random sampling technique necessitate this study and it is one of the probability sampling types of sampling technique. This sample type assumes homogeneity of the population, which indicates an equal probability of the availability of all elements. Moreover, margin error also known as sampling error indicates a deviation of the results obtained by using the probability sample survey data from the population. There are two kinds of sampling errors i.e. statistical and systematic. In this case, the statistical error was used due to the fact that there was an absence of factors that could seriously affect the study. Consequently, the systematic error depends on the sample size. The larger the sample size, therefore the less is the error. Accordingly, for a simple random sample of 95% the probability level would be 5 per cent. However, for a specific population of this study, which is 8,758, the sample size should be from 22 to 25. h. Fieldwork results This is another crucial part that will incur the use of the personal survey collection. There will be print out of questionnaires that will be spread out by individuals to the respondent as well as participants. Fieldwork results will be monitored closely to ensure that the aspect of reliability based on the survey is taken into account. i. Data analysis To execute data analysis, the report will employ quantitative data analysis technique. The processed data will be tabulated on a matrix table in conformation to the outlaid final questionnaires results. The data will therefore be recorded using numerical codes.   The processed information will be analysed and tabulated inform of graphs as well as trends. Conclusion As far as impact assessment stages is of concern, it is so evident that owning a house as a single parent is not easy given that one has stretch budget in relation to the tough job he or she is doing that requires attention at large. Single parents as well as mothers require sacrifices to meet the aspect of home ownership. The purpose of this report was to analyse and discuss possible ways that correlates with IA policies on integration of stakeholders, community, state members as well as regional levels as far as Woodberry Down Regeneration is of concern based on the health care issue. As far as single parent and Woodberry down estate housing are of concern, this extended report will devise a methodology to assess the impact on a defined population or community of this area. The findings necessitate that the result from both drivers for change and against the total numbers to reduce negative impact and the challenges single parents meets hence, reducing cost and maintaining the orga nisation value and the fate of the single parent’s mothers.   Bibliography Berkeley Group (2014) Living at Woodberry Down. [Online] Available from: berkeleygroup.co.uk/media/pdf/2/4/Woodberry_Down_Social_Sustainability study.pdf  Ã‚   [Accessed 2nd November 2014]. Beard, C. Billett, A.   (2010) Health Impact Assessment: Passionate about health. Guidance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2nd Edition, available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   gateshead.gov.uk/DocumentLibrary/Care/strategies/SOTWHIAGuidelines12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   012010v7final.pdf Hackney Council. (2014) Woodberry Down Regeneration. [Online] Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hackney.gov.uk/woodberry-down.htm#.VGs0J_msWSo  Ã‚  [Accessed 4th November 2014]. Kemm, J. (2012) Health Impact Assessment: Past Achievement, Current Understanding, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Future Progress. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Kemm, J., Parry. J. Palmer, S. (2005). Health Impact Assessment: Concepts, Theory,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Techniques And Applications. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. OMullane, M (2013) Integrating Health Impact Assessment With The Policy Process:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lessons And Experiences From Around The World. Washington DC: CRC Press. O’Reilly, J., Truman, P., Redmond, S., Yunni, Y., Wright, D., Cave, B. Haq, G. (2006). Cost    Benefit Analysis of Health Impact Assessment. Department of Health York Health   Ã‚   Economics Consortium. Robert, M. (2001), Understanding social problems, Great Britain T.J. International Ltd.,    Padstow, Cornwall, Massachusetts, USA, Blackwell. Locallabourhire.co.UK     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Accessed: 13th November 2014]. Woodberry Down Clinical Commissioning Group. (August 2013). Joint Strategic Needs   Ã‚   Assessment for Woodberry Down.   Woodberry Down Health and Wellbeing Board. Retrieved from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   woodberrydownsccg.nhs.uk/Get_Involved/Twoodberry%20woodberry%20he  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   althimpact%20Health%20Joint%20Strategic%20Needs%20Assessment%20Part%20One  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   %20%20Population%20Needs.pdf [Accessed: 10th November 2014].

Pop Culture Media Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pop Culture Media Critique - Essay Example As observed ‘Will and Grace’ present the gay community as a society struggling for acceptance while the show ‘The New Normal’ portrays the gay community as an accepted part of the society, even the name suggests the acceptance as it refers to being gay as the ‘new normal’. The United States government thought the governance of George W. Bush greatly supported the theme presented by ‘Will and Grace’ and it offered great support through the broadcast of hundreds of commercials on the sit-com with the help of the Bush campaign during the presidential campaigns. The heterosexual women in both shows play the role of supporting the couple and are used as the audiences judge on the gay characters. They are greatly important as they help the gay couple in understanding their roles as partners and also enabled the audience in the acceptance of the gay in the society showing that they are simply as natural as any other community in the society. For example, the women in ‘The New Normal’ help the couple in acquiring an adopted child. (Will & Grace Season 1 Videos & Clips Online, Trailer: The New

Leadership and Change Case 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and Change Case 3 - Essay Example Marissa Mayer is one such charismatic leader, as demonstrated by her leadership approach at Yahoo. During the first year of her tenure as the CEO of the corporation, she got rid of all BlackBerrys and replaced them with iPhones and Androids. She also started providing free food to employees just like every other Valley corporation did to its workers. She also put in place the process to allow the members of staff to complain about bureaucracy. The F.Y.I meetings held on Friday afternoons gave the staff an opportunity to ask whatever questions they felt like asking her or other executives (McLean, 2014). All these are efforts to make her subjects feel loved and important as workers of the corporation. This in turn becomes the driving force for their desire to work for the institution since their leader values and loves them. For instance, providing them with free food takes care of their physiological needs whereas allowing them to complain freely about the bureaucracy takes care of their psychological needs. Allowing them to ask questions freely during the Friday meetings gives them a sense of security and belonging. The charismatic leader may not embrace change of things, but work to maintain the status quo. This is exactly what Mayer did in her first year, as some critics like Michelle Quinn assert that her impact had not been felt at Yahoo during the first 18 months of her tenure (Quinn, 2014). On the other hand, Marissa Mayer can be perceived as a transformational leader. A transformational leadership is the form of leadership whereby the leader and his subjects raise one another to higher levels morally and motivationally (Grint, 2010). Their primary focus is on transfiguring the organization and their followers using their charisma. Mayer can be described as the charismatic leader but her basic focus was transforming the corporation that had experienced a lot of turmoil.

World Religions From A Healthcare Perspective Essay

World Religions From A Healthcare Perspective - Essay Example In fact, proceeding from the information included in this chapter, it may even be claimed that there is no such thing as a unified American Indian religion whatsoever. This is supported both by the incredible diversity of tribal groups and nations among American Indians and Alaska Natives, and, on the other hand, by the absence of the organized religion (in the Western sense at least) among many of these peoples. The painful history of relations between the US Government and various Indian tribes had its brunt on the state of the healthcare provision to the American Indians, among other things. While the Indian Health Service (IHS) was established in 1955 to provide primary and comprehensive health care to the American Indians, many of the latter reside in metropolitan areas which lie outside the field of the HIS competence. This complicates the situation with regard to health care provision and creates significant discrepancies in respect of the interrelations between the IHS and co nventional healthcare providers, on the one hand, and the traditional tribal elders, on the other. When speaking on the subject of the specificity of American Indian religious traditions, it is necessary to observe that the practitioners of American Indian beliefs have a significantly different concept of the world than those of theistic religions. Unlike linear concepts of the proceedings of the world inherent in the latter, the American Indian belief traditions assume the circular development of the world, which is aimed at perceiving the world as a harmonious whole. Subsequently, the centre of this whole is construed as a state of peace and balance, including peace of mind, which informs the general understanding of the world in Indian religious traditions. Therefore the idea of healthcare provision in American Indian tradition is directly intertwined with the notion that the surrounding world is infused with spiritual energy that may be embodied in particular healing substances such as some herbs. In practical dimension, this means that the concept of healthcare in American Indian worldview is directly connected with the idea of healing by nature’s aid and that of connection between the spiritual and physical health of the patient. Therefore the taking into account of such complexities is absolutely necessary when dealing with American Indian patients. 3. Hinduism The essence of Hinduism as a set of religious practice lies not so much in the regulation of the practitioners’ beliefs than in the regulation of the latter’s behavior. In reality, Hinduism can scarcely be characterized as a unified religion arising out of the certain consensus, as the majority of its practitioners belong to different sects and sub-cultures. Nevertheless, there are some common tenets that bring different strands of the Hindu religion together. On the one hand, Hinduism is characterized by its reliance on the preceding, Vedic tradition that emphasizes the impo rtance of ritualistic devotion to the gods, the maintenance of the devotee’s duties before the social structure and the world in general, the existence of the complex cycle of life and death, where the souls of the

Overview And Analysis Of Womens Empowerment Social Work Essay

Overview And Analysis Of Womens Empowerment Social Work Essay Womens empowerment has more than one component: their right to make decision; their access to opportunities and resources; authority to be in charge of their own lives, both inside and outside the home. Women empowerment has a lot of dimensions attached to it. It revolves around access to knowledge, possession of social and economic resources and more autonomy in political and economic decision making process. All these components and dimensions of women empowerment are interrelated and alteration in one component will not bring a huge transformation unless all the component changes. If women are more productive like men, and both gender work simultaneously for the betterment of the country it will lead to a sustainable way out of poverty. Therefore women should also get equal work opportunities. But women have greater challenges, as they do not get the same economic opportunities as men do. They do not get access to the decent working condition and lag behind men in decision making. In Pakistan women does not has her own proper identity as she is owned by her male folks. Their Integrity, health, is often beyond their own control. They are taken as invisible, underserved and under nourished. Culture of Pakistan is greatly patriarchal resulting in many old and conservative traditions of giving subservient and subordinate role to women. The decisions about womens life are made by men in her family especially in distant and underdeveloped region. In Pakistan specific religion beliefs are deeply rooted in citizens belief and on which many traditions and social perspective surfaces. Women in order to be more enriched politically and economically have to raise their voice , only women force can change the structure of decision making , such a decision making system have to be introduced which can make women more participatory , this will change the agenda of development and women will be working with men equally for development. Such measures should be taken to give importance to women who are underprivileged since women are majority of them. Poverty also plays an n important role as women in low developing countries, who are not properly nourished, how can they even raise their voice for their rights. In order to eliminate gender disparity and empower women, we should redistribute resources and remove such practices which are discriminatory Gender empowerment mean that females ought to gain equality under the law and it must be implemented and enforced. Womens empowerment essentially contains legal fairness, equal access to education and practical exercise, females management at the national level, positive action for jobs with one and the same pay, and a gender-sensitive justice system. 1.2 Relevance of topic and research title Women consist of more than 50 percent of population in Pakistan and to deprive this half population of empowerment is to deprive our economy of growth. Women empowerment will not only result in the empowerment of women but also the economic well being of the country. The development of the country also should result in equitable distribution of development benefits especially to the women sector. Economically empower women have more autonomy and resultantly this can transform their children and family lives. As she is a pivot about which entire family unit revolve, therefore an economically enriched woman has a constructive impact on the future generation. Countries who dont take benefit of its full population and ignores half of it, it is actually misallocating its resources, which will only lead to the reducing their development potential. All countries should focus on its weakness and learn from more successful countries. It should also set up such policies which take advantage of the whole population, as in both female and male. As successful countries are the one who recognize the potential in the women force as well for development. Throughout the world, there is not a single country which can boast of gender equality and full women empowerment. Women still out there face discrimination and are lagging behind in one way or the other. Gender equality in two critical sections is very important like economic and political empowerment of women. There is improvement in health and education with the advent of technology and as globally economies are developing but yet there is a long way to go as women are still very behind men especially in decision making and income earning. With the past trend it is quiet visible women are actively participating in to take charge of their own lives and this is in fact effecting the communities and society as a whole. But there is a big problem as women are not consistent class, they vary by race culture, society, brought up and opportunity, thus these factors also plays an important part in the disparity of women as these factors affect the behavior of society members. The objective of this research is to find out what political and economical determinants effect the women empowerment especially in Pakistan. The main goal is to find out what past variables have been selected and to learn from them and find new determinants. 1.3 Background Information and evolution As Pakistan is a growing and developing country and for the past few years its condition is not much improving, this in act is further affecting the condition of women. As more and more people are effected and thus poverty is increasing. Thus women have to strive hard to contribute to the family income, so that their family is at least above poverty line In Pakistan, apparently through the perspective of Islam this country says it gives equal right to both men and women but there is another side to the picture. Women constitute a small portion in decison making and they contribute very less o the development of the country as there labor force participation with respect to men is very less. The status of women in this country represents the traditions and the social customs, which led women to this condition. Women are always underprivileged then man in Pakistan, they get less education, food, decision making and health. As it is consider men are the lords of women, and women are deprived from their basic rights. Women destiny is controlled by men. This is not the case in Pakistan only but also in many countries men are considered superior than women. To achieve development, we have to convert our weakness to strengths. It is also known that increase women participation in the labor force will benefit the growth and resources can be distributed more easily to disadvantaged people. Thus women should get decent work, social protection and voice at work. As most of the time women are subjugated to lower wages than men and their wages have barely increased over time and they are offered low skilled, low paid atypical jobs, mainly performed from home. One of the greatest achievements in Pakistan, during the last decade has been the increasing proportion of women in the labor force, enabling women all over the country to use their potential in the labor market and to achieve economic independence. But yet we still have a long way o go. From Global perspective higher percentage of female are working in the developed countries than ever before, yet at the identical time these women continuing raise children to bear new burdens. But these women face tradeoffs as it will be difficult to find good demanding jobs with children to look after too as well. That is why there is not equal opportunity for men and women. Not only the family but also the society, government and the whole nation will benefit from the empowerment of women. Versatile aspects contribute to the passive functions played by women in the Pakistan Society. Great emphasis has been laid on removing gender inequality and improving women empowerment as Millennium Developmental Goal, resultantly many efforts have been initiated by the Government and NGOs in Pakistan on this issue According to (Pakistan employment trends for women) , international Labor Organization (ILO), has the objective of the promotion of opportunities for women and men to obtain productive employment and decent work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity is also the overall objective of the four fundamental ILO Conventions stressing gender equality cover: (1) equal remuneration (2) non-discrimination in employment and occupation, (3) workers with family responsibilities and (4) maternity protection. The Millennium Development Goals that emerged from the UN Millennium Declaration of September 2000 are specific measurable targets, including the one for reducing the extreme poverty that still grips more than 1 billion of the worlds people by 2015. Central to this promise are the MDGs related to educational outcomes: (1) Ensure that all children complete primary education by 2015. (2) Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education. By 2006, most countries have already fallen well behind the necessary targets to meet these goals (Millennium Development Goal, 2006). As stated in millennium development goal 3 the promotion of gender equality and empowerment is fundamental to achieving the remaining MDGs .Likewise, there is evidence that addressing gender issues benefits individuals and families, workers and employers, society and national economies. Improving womens wages and earnings has been identified as a key element in tackling poverty and achieving the MDGs. Yet there are Country specific activities to promote gender equality and decent work as in Pakistans constitution ensures all fundamental human rights and guarantees equal employment opportunities for men and women. Existing labor legislations do not discriminate against anyone on the basis of sex, but women are not allowed to work in a few areas for health and safety reasons, but the society as a whole plays a big part. the traditions of Pakistan forces women to sit at home and look after the children only , whether there husband give them money or not ,. Society or community does not approve females going out and raisening voices for their rights. They also disapprove females working outside their homes. It is consider the work of women juts to look after their families. So to change this whole perceptive media is playing a big part but the government also needs to be active. As recently the Government initiated a number of activities to promote gender equality at the heart of decent work and to achieve MDG target calling for full and productive employment and decent work for all including women and young people. Those activities range from gender Sensitive revisions of constitutional and legal provisions to the establishment of new policy frameworks that help to accomplish the target. Therefore, the promotion of rights of women and men in the world of work and to achieve gender equality are reflected in a number of national development frameworks and policy documents including the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) for 2005-10, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and documents exclusively relating to labor markets such as the 2002 Labor Policy and the 2006 Labor Protection Policy. Pakistans Decent Work Country Program (DWCP) spells out the main strategy and plan of action to promote the creation of decent work with gender equality as a cross cutting theme. Overview of existing national policies and development frameworks that stress gender equality and decent work in the country. (Haq) 1.4 Managerial and Academic concerns My research will highlight the key determinants of women empowerment in Pakistan. As this issue is not only prevalent in Pakistan but is a global issue. as It is very important to conduct a research on determinants of women empowerment because it will stress on women troubles and bring them in to attention and it can facilitates and direct the policy makers to make such an intervention in their area, that could enrich these females not only economically but also politically and financially so that they can make a difference in their children lives and their individual living environment .Consequently providing her the individual safety and self-respect that is her essential right. this research is will also help independent institutions like NGOs to reach out to economically and politically deprived women as The negligence of women in development process will be big loss for Pakistan as it will result in loss in human potential and ultimately effect national development. Academically, this research is very important for the students as it will help them pinpoint the economic and political determinants which effect the women empowerment in Pakistan. Student will find this research more feasible and accurate. As now more people are getting aware of this issue, so more teachers and students are doing research on women empowerment. They find this investigation more helpful. 1.6 Keywords and Definitions Empowerment Refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities (Ouellette) Womens empowerment refers to the ability of women to transform economic and social development when empowered to fully participate in the decisions that affect their lives through leadership training, coaching, consulting, and the provision of enabling tools for women to lead within their communities, regions, and countries (Wise earth) Economic and political Determinants An identifiable elementin economicand political that affectsthat limitsor definesa decisionor condition. 1.7 Study Objectives This study is an attempt to find the determinants of women empowerment in Pakistan as women being the core element of development and in Pakistan it consists of more than half of the population. To study the impact of the Economic participation on women empowerment. To study the impact of the health on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Power over economic resources on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Microfinance on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Political empowerment on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Education attainment on women empowerment. To study the impact of the traditions on women empowerment. End notes With the advent of technology and progress in development, yet in this era women still lack behind men in power because even though a lot has been done for the empowerment of women but there is still a long way to go. Especially in Pakistan, the norms and tradition practiced are such that which suppresses the rights of female. Since independences of Pakistan, women have not gained freedom from these discriminating norms. Even though there has been a progress but this progress is very slow. Even though gains has been made, as by UNDP, the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector which at present is around 10 percent and the MTDF target is 12 percent ant there has been improvement in the proportion of seats held by women in national parliament from just 0.9 percent in the National Assembly and 1.0 percent in Senate, but to empower women not only our government but also society as a whole ha to work very hard.

Six Sigma: Breaking the Quality Hype :: essays research papers

SIX SIGMA: BREAKING THROUGH THE QUALITY HYPE PARTIAL FULMILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATIONS AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT BUSN 6110 Title:Six Sigma: Breaking through the Quality Hyp Degree: Master of Business Administration Motorola's Robert Galvin came up with it and breathed life back into the company, snagging a Baldrige Award in the process. Larry Bossidy rebooted AlliedSignal with it and then sold General Electric's Jack Welch on it. GE then made Six Sigma front-page news. Notwithstanding its 15-year history and the usual hype that comes with any concept promising organizations huge bottom-line benefits, the number of companies actually using Six Sigma appears to be quite small. Moreover, the perceptions within the quality industry of Six Sigma methodology vary greatly.   So what's the story behind the hype? Is there really some muscle in the methodology, or is Six Sigma simply, as many believe, PR-enhanced total quality management? TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1 II TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 3 III BENEFITS MULTIPLY 8 IV SUMMARY 10 REFERENCES 11 AUTOBIOGRAPHY 12 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The year is 1976. The USA was celebrating its 200th birthday. According to the Juran Institute, there was an emerging interest in this country for training in quality matters. Manufacturing companies were eager to implement quality improvement within their organizations. They were motivated by a very real competitive threat from overseas. Japanese industries had swallowed up a number of our companies and were threatening others. It turned out that quality was dramatically changing the way many organizations were conducting business. There was a new buzzword being used by managers: "Total Quality Management", or "TQM" (Blackiston, 1996, p. 1). What emerged as some of the key motivators...the drivers? The Juran Institute believes at first sheer terror motivated many American businesses. These companies realized that quality was a matter of life and death. Indeed, many American manufacturers of consumer electronics died before they could react (Blackiston, 1996, p. 1). The Juran Institute states: †¦another important motivator for quality initiatives was the concept of "the costs of poor quality". This relates to all of those costs that would disappear in an organization, if everything were done correctly right from the start. We saw early on that most companies were simply throwing away about 25% of their sales revenues on scrap, repairs, warranties and other costs of quality (Blackiston, 1996, p. 1). As the years went by, the reasons for implementing TQM piled up; however, the Juran Institute figured that 80% of the companies that tackled TQM in the 1980s failed (Blackiston, 1996, p.1). Although quality improved, TQM seemed to be mired in â€Å"find and fix† the problem and not worry about the cost.

4-MAT Book Review Essay

Abstract Wheelan (2013) identifies the four stages of team development and provides detailed explanation of how a group transforms itself from a stage one group of uncertainty into a successful, highly productive stage four team. This requires work and a thorough understanding of the many internal/external influences that can occur during each stage. A team member or leader who is well versed in these stages and who can evolve with each stage will be better equipped to deal with possible obstacles that can hinder group progress and implement practices to help the group successfully work through a particular stage. The goal is for the group to become a team that will value the importance of everyone’s contribution within the group and how it relates to the overall ability of the group to successfully accomplish the mission. As this is achieved, the work will no longer feel like a chore as team members encourage, inspire, and have fun completing tasks and achieving the desired outcome (W heelan, 2013). In the first stage of group development, termed dependency and inclusion, team members are dependent upon the designated leader to provide a sense of belonging and to create an environment where members feel safe enough to suggest new ideas (Wheelan, 2013). The overall goal of stage one group development is the ability to create a safe and inclusive environment for all members as some may experience certain behavioral characteristics associated with feelings of insecurity and a need to feel included in the group. Stage one members may feel apprehensive about sharing their ideas until they feel that the environment is safe to share and that their input is valued (Wheelan, 2013). As members work through the group one stage, they will become more confident in their role and begin to rely less on the team leader for input. In addition, group members will begin to openly share their ideas, which in turn may create conflict within the group as different views and values will begin to be challenged among group members. Although uncomfortable, this potentially volatile but necessary part of stage two group development will lead to an increased trust among group members. Wheelan (2013) explains, â€Å"Only through conflict resolution and the development of a unified view of the group’s purpose and processes can true collaboration be achieved† (p. 28). During stage two group development, the team leader and team members’ ability to manage conflict resolution will determine whether the group succeeds or fails. During stage three, members of the group roll up their sleeves and begin to focus on the task at hand. Egos are checked at the door as team members begin to sense a clearer picture of individual and team goals and communication becomes more task-oriented (Wheelan, 2013). As stage three groups develop, productivity is increased and relationships are strengthened as the group can now move to stage four successfully if they continue to manage and adjust team roles and responsibilities, resolve conflict, and receive constructive criticism with an open mind. Concrete Response As a youth leader, I was tasked with forming a ministry team to work with school-aged children ranging in ages from 8 to 19 years of age. As a District Fire Chief for a large fire department, I assumed that this task would be similar to forming a team that responds to emergency calls; however, there were several items that I would overlook initially that would prove to be painful learning opportunities as I progressed through my ministry team building experience. First, and probably most important, was the fact that I assumed that everyone serving with me had a clear picture of what our goal was as youth leaders; to share the gospel of Christ through grace-filled passion demonstrated by love, compassion, understanding and encouragement. I still remember our first meeting as I handed out information regarding the bible study material we would be using. As I explained the syllabus and the details of the study itself, Joey, one of the volunteers, asked, â€Å"What is it that we are trying to accomplish through this study?† I explained that the objectives were listed in the packet and that  everyone should familiarize themselves thoroughly with the material provided. As Wheelan (2013) explains, it is the team leader’s responsibility during stage one to establish defined goals and to identify specific team member roles and how they will contribute to the overall plan. This error on my part led to confusion, frustration, and unfortunately the departure of some of the youth volunteers, as they did not feel that the value of their input was considered nor was a clear picture of what our purpose was explained. Critique Wheelan (2013) provides many good examples of what to do in certain circumstances that deal with safety and inclusion, conflict resolution, identifying roles and responsibilities, and fostering esprit de corps during group development. In addition, she identifies the positive traits that should be displayed by both team members and team leaders alike such as involving other members in the leadership of the group and actively participating in achieving objectives. While the strength of this book is displayed in the many examples provided by the author of what to do if a certain situation arises, this author was curious as to what a team leader or member would do if a team member must be dismissed for poor performance? While this is something that this author would not want to ever experience, I am curious as to whether or not Wheelan has ever experienced this in her studies and how might a leader or team member deal with this issue? Another consideration that this author believes infl uences group dynamics is socioeconomic and cultural diversity. While the above-mentioned positive character traits for leaders and team members are just a few of the many provided in this text, Creating Effective Teams does not address the internal and external influences that are ever-present in groups through socioeconomic and cultural diversity. This author believes that these two influences alone should be strongly considered, as group cohesiveness will depend largely upon a thorough understanding of how an individual’s worldview influences his or her perception of other group members and their individual role within the group. Action Clear concise communicated goals that explain the purpose, the mission, and how each member will contribute to the overall plan is the first action that  this author wishes to accomplish. Establishing a safe inclusive environment at the outset of group development is vital to member participation as this author plans to meet with both the youth ministry and worship ministry team in the upcoming week to encourage team member input and to identify roles, responsibilities, and a unified mission statement. Training team members in both my ministry and the fire department I work for in how to effectively manage group conflict is an additional action plan that this author hopes to achieve. Understanding that conflict is not necessarily a bad thing and that good can come from disagreements is important for everyone to consider when building our team. This author feels that this action will open up a new line of communication for individuals within my team to voice their concerns and contribute successfully to the group with sincere honesty. The third action that this author would like to achieve is to become a leader who evolves with the group as it develops through each stage. The beginning stages of the group’s development will require me to be more assertive; however, the ability to evolve as a leader to a more consultant role is where this author plans to take action. According to Wheelan (2013) as I allow members to share in the leadership function of the group, the likelihood that the group will succeed is increased. Reference Wheelan, S. A. (2013) Creating effective teams: A guide for members and leaders. Thousand Oaks: CA. Sage Publications, Inc.